A Plea for the Naturalist

Was Spinoza a Naturalist?

In this article I dispute the claim, made by several contemporary scholars, that Spinoza was a naturalist. ‘Naturalism’ here refers to two distinct but related positions in contemporary philosophy. The first, ontological naturalism, is the view that everything that exists possesses a certain character (variously defined) permitting it to be defined as natural and prohibiting it from being defin...

A Plea for the Myxœdematous

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A Plea For Microsimulation

German demographic or educational projections are conventionally based on macrosimulations. Macrosimulation models use average values of the simulation parameters to compute the updating process. Additionally, the proportions of educational graduate rates stay constant in these models. In this paper I introduce a discrete event microsimulation model which is designed to project the graduate rat...

1 Naturalist A

The American Midland Naturalist

—Ascertaining the functions bird song requires information about when and where a song or, for males with multisong repertoires, songs are used. Because the need for and type of communication with mates and conspecifics changes with breeding stage and social context, detailed observations may reveal differential use of song or of different song types. Our objective was to examine the use, and d...